KENESARY HAN
1802 jyly Kөkshetaý өңirinde dүnıege kelgen. Ordasyn Kөkshetaýғa tikken Abylaı hannyң otyz ұly bolғan. Abylaıdyң әıeli Қalmaқ hany Қaldan-Serenniң týysy - Hoshý mergen noıannyң қyzy Topysh hanymnan: Қambar men Қasym sұltan týady. Kenesary Қasym sұltannyң bәıbishesi Aıkүmisten: Sarjan, Esengeldi, Kөshek, Aғataı, Bopaı men birge 6 alty aғaıyndy bolyp týғan. Al Kenesarynyң inisi Naýryzbaı Қasym sұltannyң ekinshi әıelinen өmirge kelgen.
Kenesary Қasymұly өzge baýyrlary sekildi kөshpeli әskerı aқsүıekter қaýymynyң dәstүrine saı jastaıynan shabandoz, ұshy-қıyrsyz dalanyң қatal tabıғatyna shynyққan, қıyndyққa tөzimdi bolyp tәrbıelendi. Jeke basynyң erlik қasıetteri, birbettigi, alғa қoıғan maқsatyna jetý jolyndaғy қaısarlyғy men dүleı kүsh-jigeri onyң jetekshilik қabiletin aınalasyna erte moıyndatқan.
Kenesary bastaғan ұlt-azattyқ қozғalysyna Patsha үkimetiniң 1822 jylғy «Sibir қazaқtary týraly Jarғysynyң» қalyptasқan handyқ құrylymdy, dәstүrli bılik үlgilerin joıýy, қazaқ elin jalpyreseılik basқarý jүıesine siңistirip jiberýdi kөzdegen jymysқy saıasaty negiz boldy. Әýeli bұl saıasatқa өz narazylyғyn қart sұltan Қasym tөre bildirdi. Reseı bıleýshileriniң қazaқ eliniң eң shұraıly jerlerin tartyp alyp, Aқtaý, Aқmola, Қyzyljar, Kөkshetaýda өz әskerı bekinisterin salýy, Soltүstik, Shyғys Қazaқstanda sýy men jaıylymy mol Ertis, Esil өzenderiniң boıyndaғy jerdi birtindep orys-kazak sharýalarynyң өz ıeligine bөlip alýy, jergilikti halyққa alym-salyқtyң өsýi ұlt-azattyқ қozғalysyn tұtatty. Reseı ımperııasynyң bұl saıasatyna alғashқyda Ғұbaıdolla sұltan қarsy shyқsa, keıin ony Sarjan sұltan basқardy. Alaıda Reseıge қarsy kүreste odaқtas bolғan Қoқan handyғynyң satқyndyғynan 1836 jyly olardyң tikeleı nұsқaýymen Sarjan sұltan өltirildi, 1840 jyly Қasym tөre қaza tapty. Osy kezde Қasym sұltannyң baһadүr batyr ұldary, Sarjan sұltannyң týғan inileri Kenesary men Naýryzbaı shyғyp, қalyң қazaқ eli Kenesarynyң soңynan erdi. Aғasy Sarjan sұltannyң jasaғynda bolyp, әskerı өnerin shyңdaғan Kenesary қanshama қazaқ handyғynyң aýmaқtyқ tұtastyғyn қalpyna keltirýdi, Reseı құramyna kirmegen aımaқtardyң tәýelsizdigin saқtaýdy basty maқsat tұtқanymen, ol otarshyldarғa қarsy soғysty birden bastaғan joқ. Ol birneshe ret dıplomatııalyқ қadamdar jasap, І Nıkolaı patshaғa, Orynbor general-gýbernatorlary V.A.Perovskııge, V.A.Obrýchevke, Sibir general-gýbernatory P.D.Gorchakovke hat joldady, tıisti talaptar қoıdy. Ol өziniң Batys Sibir general-gýbernatoryna jazғan hatynda: «Aқtaý, Ortaý, Қazylyқ, Jarқaıyң, Obaғan, Tobyl, Құsmұryn, Өlkeıek, Toғyzaқtan Jaıyққa deıingi jerler қazirgi patshanyң tұsynda tartyp alynyp, қaptaғan bekinister tұrғyzyldy. Mine, endi kүn saıyn jerimizge basa-kөktep kirip, bekinister salyp, halyқtyң zyғyrdanyn қaınatyp otyrsyzdar. Bұl bizdiң bolashaғymyz үshin ғana emes, bүgingi tirligimiz үshin de қaterli. Meniң tilegim - eki jaқtyң da halқy mızamshýaқ өmir sүrýi», - dedi.
Kenesary Қasymұly 1837 jylғy jeltoқsanda І Nıkolaı patshanyң өzine osyndaı mazmұnda hat jazғan. Ol өziniң Reseı patshasyna joldaғan alғashқy hattarynyң birinde tipti, ımperatordy atasy Abylaı han zamanynda eki el arasynda oryn alғan beıbit қatynasқa jәne shekara esebinde қabyldanғan mejege қaıta oralýғa shaқyrady. «... Sizdiң arғy babalaryңyz, al bizde meniң atam Abylaı patshalyқ құrғan ýaқytta, - dep jazady Kenesary ımperator І Nıkolaı patshaғa, halyқ beıbit jәne tynysh jaғdaıda өmir sүrdi, ony eshkim bұzғan emes. Eki jaқ ta өzara saýda jasady; bizdiң jұrtymyzғa eshқandaı da salyқ salynғan joқ. Al odan keıingi mezgilde bәri өzgerdi, bizdiң halқymyzdan salyқ jınala bastady, oғan basқa da tүrli tarshylyқtar jasalyndy. Bұrynғy jasalynғan beıbit kelisimdi bұzyp, Sizdiң tөmengi қaraýyңyzdaғy basshylaryңyz bүkil қazaқ halқy Reseı bodandyғyna қarady dep jalғan kөrsetti, sonyң saldarynan meniң Abylaı atama қarasty jerlerde segiz dýan ornady. Bұl bizdiң halқymyz үshin өte қaıғyly jaғdaı, әsirese oғan salyқtyң salynýy өkinishti-aқ. Sondyқtan da bizdiң bүtin қazaқ halқymyz tarshylyқ kөrmeı, tynysh rahatty өmir sүrse eken dep, ұly mәrtebelim, Sizge өtinish aıtýғa өzimdi baқytty sanap, bizdiң halқymyzdy sol bұrynғy kүıinde қaldyryp, dalamyzda ornalasқan segiz okrýgtik dýandar men өzge de mekemeleriңizdi joıýyңyzdy sұraımyn», - dep jazғan. Alaıda zaңdy talap-tilegi oryndalmaı, өtinishi aıaққa basylyp, eli men jeriniң birtұtastyғyna қatty қaýip tөngendikten, tý ұstap, tұlpar minip, қol bastady. Aқyldy saıasatshy jәne sheber әskerı қolbasshy retinde ol soғysқa jan-jaқty daıyndaldy. Jasaғyna қarý-jaraқ soғý, sonyң ishinde zeңbirek құıý үshin orys jәne өzge ұlt sheberlerin de өzine tartyp, olarғa jaқsy jaғdaı jasady. Kөp ұzamaı Kenesarynyң қol astyna 20 myңғa jýyқ sarbaz jınalyp, olardyң ishinde Orta jүzdiң arғyn, қypshaқ rýlarymen birge Kishi jүzdiң de shekti, tama, tabyn, alshyn, shөmekeı, jappas, jaғalbaıly taғy da basқa rýlarynyң, Ұly jүzdiң үısin, dýlat taғy da basқa rýlarynyң sarbazdary boldy. Kenesary han ұlt-azattyқ kөterilisinde Aғybaı, Iman, Basyғara, Aңғal, Janaıdar, Jәýke, Sұranshy, Baıseıit, Jolaman Tilenshiұly, Bұқarbaı, Myңjasar tәrizdi batyrlarғa arқa sүıedi.
1841 jyly қyrkүıekte үsh jүzdiң өkilderi jıynynda Kenesary қazaқ halқynyң hany bolyp saılandy. Sol jyly Kenesary hannyң әskeri Қoқan handyғynyң ıeligindegi Sozaқ, Jaңaқorғan, Aқmeshit қamaldaryn aldy. 1843 jyly Reseı үkimeti Kenesary hanғa қarsy keң kөlemdi әskerı joryқ ұıymdastyrdy. Soғan қaramastan, Kenesary hannyң әskeri Reseı armııasy men Reseı jaғynda kүresýshi қazaқ sұltandaryna birneshe ret oısyrata soққy berdi. Әsirese 1843 jyldyң қyrkүıegindegi Orynbor jasaғymen shaıқas bir jұmaғa sozyldy.
1844-1845 jyldary Kenesary bastaғan ұlt-azattyқ kөterilisi shyrқaý shegine jetti. Ol bastaғan eldi үsh jaқtan қorshap, Қaraқұmғa sheginýge jol bermeý үsh birdeı jasaққa jүktelse de Kenesary olardy jer қaptyryp, құtylyp ketti. Kenesary keıin Konstantınov қamalyna shabýyl jasady. Jantөrın men polkovnık Dýnıkovskıı bastaғan orys әskerimen shaıқasyp, sұltan jasaғyna tyldan tıisip, joıyp jiberdi. Osy ұrysta 44 sұltan қaza tapty. Kenesaryny қarýdyң kүshimen baғyndyra almasyn bilgen patsha өkimeti onymen kelissөz jүrgizip, қapııada қolғa tүsken sүıikti jary Kүnimjan hanymdy tұtқynnan bosatty. Kenesary өz ordasyn Jetisýғa kөshirdi. Ұly jүzden oғan Baıseıit, Sұranshy, Saýryқ, Toıshybek, Baızaқ batyrlar jasaқtarymen kelip қosyldy.
Tarıhta Kenesary han parasatty әmirshi, әskerı өnerdi jetik meңgergen қolbasshy, jaýjүrek batyr ғana emes, ғajaıyp dıplomat, danagөı de bolғan tarıhı tұlғa. Sol kezderi otarlaýshy orys memleketi қazaқtarғa қarsy Hıýa, Қoқandy, қyrғyzdardy aıdap salsa, қyrғyzdar Orta jүzge Ұly jүzdi қarsy қoıýғa jantalasyp, Hıýa Eset batyrdy Janғojaғa, Janғojany Kenesaryғa қarsy қoıýғa tyrysty. Patsha өkimeti bolsa, satқyn sұltandardy Kenesary hannyң soңyna salyp қoıdy. Osyndaı alasapyran zaman týsa da Kenesary han jeke basynyң қamynan eliniң birtұtastyғy mүddesin joғary қoıdy. Tapқyrlyғymen talaı қıyn mәselelerdiң tүıinin sheshti. Satқyndyққa, әdiletsizdikke, meıirimsizdikke қatal қarap, қatty қaһarlansa da parasattylyқ tanytar tұsta ashýyn aқylғa jeңdire de bildi.
Azattyқ үshin shaıқasta Kenesary han қyrғyz manaptarynyң өzine baғynýyn talap etti. Alaıda, patsha әkimderimen құpııa baılanysta tұrғan қyrғyzdar oғan moıynsұnbady. Kenesary han olarғa shabýyl jasady. Өz jaқtastarynyң opasyzdyқ saldarynan Kenesary men Naýryzbaı dұshpandardyң қolyna tүsedi. 1847 jyly Kenesary han Қyrғyzstannyң Jetijal jotasynyң oңtүstik alabyndaғy Kekilik-Seңgir aңғarynda osylaısha aıýandyқpen өltiriledi. Jaýlary onyң basyn kesip alyp, orys әkimshiligine jiberdi. Knıaz Gorchakov Kenesarynyң basyn Batys Sibir bas basқarmasyndaғy «Kenesary bүligi týraly» iske қosyp saқtaýғa bұıryқ berdi.
Abylaı hannyң ұrpaғy Kenesary hannyң ұlt-azattyқ kөterilisinde қandaı қolbasshy, tarıhta қandaı ұly tұlғa bolғandyғy týraly orys tarıhshysy N.N.Sereda өz zertteýlerinde: «Kenesary han өz jasaқtarynyң mәrtebeli әmirshisi bola bildi. Onyң rýhy dem bergen jaýyngerlerge eýropalyқ әsker қolbasshylarynyң өzi қyzyғar edi. Jortýylda jolyndaғynyң bәrin jaıpaıtyn dala daýylyndaı ekpindi de tegeýrindi Kenesary han eshbir bөget aldynda kidirmeıtin, қaıta kezdesken kedergi onyң қaırat-jigerin janyp, shamyrқandyra tүsip, kөzdegen maқsat jolyndaғy tosқaýyldardy talқandar keremet kүsh bitirip, odan saıyn өrshelendirip jiberetin. Kenesarynyң boıyndaғy kүlli osyndaı қasıetterdi kөshpendiler bıik baғalap, onyң қaraket-қımylyna қatysýshylardyң jүregi basshysyna degen sheksiz sүıispenshilikpen soғyp, janyn pıda etýge deıin barғyzady»,-dep jazdy.
Al endi aғylshyndyқ Tomas Atkınson Kenesary Қasymұly týraly bylaı dep jazdy: «Kenesary қazaқtardan ғajaıyp jaýyngerler daıarlady. Naıza men aıbaltany tamasha ıgergen, shapshaңdyғyna kөz ilespeıtin jigitteri өzinen kүshi basym jaýdan қaımyқpaı soғysyp, jeңip shyғa beretinin estigenim bar. Eger bilikti ofıtserleri bolsa, қazaқtar әlemdegi eң әıgili atty әsker құrar edi. Olarғa tarıhta daңқy asқan Shyңғys han jıһangerleriniң keremet қasıetteriniң bәri tәn».
Reseıdiң әskerı tarıhshysy V. Potto kezinde Kenesaryny қazaқtardyң Shamıli dep te ataғan.
Kenesary Қasymұlynyң өmiri men azattyқ jolyndaғy kүresi kөptegen aқyn-jazýshylardyң shyғarmalaryna arқaý boldy. Nysanbaı aқynnyң «Kenesary - Naýryzbaı dastany» 1875 jyly sұltan Jantөrınniң tәrjimasymen «Orys geografııalyқ қoғamy Orynbor bөlimshesiniң jazbalarynda» orys tilinde jarııalandy.
HH ғasyrdyң 30-jyldary M.Әýezov «Han Kene» pesasyn, 60-jyldary I.Esenberlın «Қaһar» romanyn jazdy. 1888 jyly Tashkentte «Kenesary men Sadyқ» degen atpen shyққan Kenesarynyң balasy sұltan Ahmet Kenesarınniң estelikter jınaғy da құndy eңbek bolyp tabylady. Keңes үkimeti tұsynda Kenesarynyң kүres jolyna irgeli ғylymı zertteý arnaғan tarıhshy-ғalym E.Bekmahanov saıası қýғyn-sүrginge ұshyrady. Kenesary Қasymұly tұlғasyna jaңasha қarap, onyң shynaıy baғasyn berý isi Қazaқstan tәýelsiz memleketke jetkennen keıin ғana қolғa alyndy.
2002 jyly Kenesary hannyң týғanyna 200 tolýyna oraı halyқaralyқ ғylymı konferentsııa өtti. Astana қalasynda Kenesary hanғa eskertkish қoıylғan jәne onyң atymen atalatyn kөshe bar.
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Қazaқstan ұlttyқ entsıklopedııasy, 4 tom
